Marxists Critique of Crises with the Capitalist System

Introduction Capitalism is generally thought of as a philosophy of economic methods, which works to the advantage of the private ownership, which is in charge of the production of goods and provision of services for income or profit by cooperate organisations and individuals. Several philosophers have critiqued certain basics of capitalism, including Marxists. This paper distinguishes and evaluates Marxists’ critique of crises, alienation and exploitation with the capitalist system of economy and society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marxists’ Critique of Crises with the Capitalist System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marxist Critiques of Capitalism Exploitation Marxists view the capitalist system as characteristically exploitative. In economics, exploitation is connected with the expropriation of labour for the purpose of generating profit. According to Marxists, exploitation is a collection of social relations that forms the basis of capitalism. Workers in the capitalist system are being exploited by earning little compared to the worth of their produce. Marxists use the term ‘surplus value’ to describe a situation where by a worker works to produce much but receives meagre earnings. Capital gains in capitalism rise by workers exploitation to produce more surplus value, mostly by reducing the wages of workers. Also, there is competition among capitalists over capital gain, by seeking new strategies to create more profit as well as surplus value, so as to transcend. Marxists termed this effort ‘the universal law of capitalist accumulation’. Class Crises Marxists argue that the capitalist system has a long-term existing tendency in the direction of crisis (that is, static and high rate of unemployment). The centre of capitalism is the crisis that results from the contradictory views and stands of the capitalist and the proletariat. According to Marxists, capitalists and the proletariat are classes, since they are representative groups in conflict. Marxists believe that more people in the society would turn out to be proletarians, as capitalists are constantly gathering capital gain at the same time, competing against each other. As a result, few capitalists would be exploiting a huge amount of poor proletarians living on meagre wages in the society. Marxists termed this set of proletarians ‘the industrial reserve army’. Exploitation of workers and crisis in the capitalist system creates struggle among classes, in the sense that classes rally in a political manner to affect the state and raise industrial conflict. Alienation Marxists argue that the capitalist system alters the affiliation between human and labour, instead of meeting their needs or convey ideas. In the capitalist system, products belong to the capitalists, who cause alienated workers. Under capitalism, workers are alienated in the following ways : Labour transformative potentials are lost in the capitalist system. The organisation of labour procedure eliminates workers from each other. Also, workers have to compete against each other over pay. There is an alienation of workers from their products, as the products are owned by the capitalists. Also, there is an alienation of workers from their productive functions, as they do not work to meet their own needs. Conclusion Marxists has critiqued the crises, alienation and exploitation within the capitalist system and society. Marxists argued that capitalism does not effectively supply its products, the products are not mostly needed, and there is a general reduction in workers ability to afford the products, as high profits demands meagre wages.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marxists believe that competition leads to excess production, which results into unemployment , and eventually causes economic depression. Furthermore, Marxists argue that capitalism results into destructive alienation of workers. This essay on Marxists’ Critique of Crises with the Capitalist System was written and submitted by user Marc Shelton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Concept and Process of Training and Development

The Concept and Process of Training and Development Introduction Employees in an organization learn new skills and knowledge for both personal and organizational benefits. Training and development provides the same outcome using different methods. Managers in the organization use development and training to improve on the employee’s performance through learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept and Process of Training and Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Differences between the concept of training and development Training is a process used by organizations to improve employee performance and to help them learn new information. Trainings are organized and they usually cover specific topics as planned by the management. Workshops and seminars are some of the events used for group trainings. Training enables people to improve on knowledge and skills and to learn new ideas that improve effectiveness in the workplace (Craig, 1996, p.996). A go od training provides useful information that contributes to the development of skills and knowledge used in the workplace. Ideas leant in training are useful in improvement of job performance. Through concept learning and presentation, training improves workplace behaviors and enhances skill development. Development on the other hand is the process used by organizations to create and sustain change in the workplace. It is a systematic process because it seeks to improve on the already working employees. Example of employee development is when an experienced employee helps a new employee to go about a specific job. A manager may decide to coach new employees on the job s/he wants done. Development in the workplace is evident when employees in an organization decide to rotate job responsibilities with the aim of learning more. It involves the process used by employees to gain more experience in the workplace. The main difference between the concept of training and development is that development is a broad term, which includes training as a method of encouraging employees. The activities involved in development are different from the activities involved in training.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both development and training give the same results using different methods. For example, if a manager wants to improve the employee’s ability to work with an accounting package, training is the appropriate thing to do. The manager may want the same employee to understand another job in a different department. To achieve this, the manager will apply development using job rotation. Training and development use different periods because training focuses on current issues where employees learn new skills and abilities that help them to perform their jobs. Development on the other hand prepares employees in an organization for future responsibiliti es and it may take a longer period. The process of a performance improvement plan A performance improvement plan is a process used by the management and the supervisors to help individuals improve on their behavior in the workplace. Supervisors, through performance improvement plan, identify behavior and performance issues that need to be improved and then writes a plan to guide on the corrective and improvement actions. Documentation of employee’s performance Employee performance documentation opens the process where the supervisor usually does documentation and s/he identifies the areas that need improvement. Documentation provides examples and facts that clarify specific areas that need correction and improvement. Action plan The second step in the process of the process is for the supervisor to develop an action plan. The action plan gives improvement details and it includes specific objectives and goals. Smart goals are the objectives included in the action plan by the s upervisors and such goals should be relevant and accurate. Review on the performance improvement plan Before meeting with employees, supervisors, after preparing the performance improvement plan, should meet with managers to review the document. The supervisor can either review the plan with the human resource professional or the manager. The manager or the human resource professional acts as a third party and s/he is supposed to ensure that the document is clear, reasonable and can be accomplished within the stipulated time. Meeting with employee The supervisor holds a meeting with the affected employees to discuss about the document. The work of a supervisor in this stage is to show employees areas that need improvement and to lay out the action plan. After discussion, the supervisor may modify the action plan based on the feedback given by the employee, before they both sign the form.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept and Process of Training an d Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Progress The supervisor and the employee should have follow up meetings, which may be held monthly or weekly depending on their agreement. During the meetings, the employee gets an opportunity to ask questions and they both document and discuss the progress towards the objectives. It is the duty of the supervisor to make sure that the necessary tools needed by the employee are available. Conclusion Conclusion of the performance improvement plan depends with the employee’s action. In case the employee refuses or is unable to improve, the employer closes the performance improvement plan and termites the employment. However, if the results are positive whereby an employee is in a position to achieve the specified goals, the employer concludes the improvement plan and the employee can go on with his/her work. How the results of a performance improvement plan determine training needs for emplo yees Results of the performance improvement plan can be either positive or negative. Negative results show that the employee does not improve because he or she refuses to commit to the performance improvement plan. In such a scenario, the incrimination rests not on the organization but on the employee. Other results may show that the employee has shown some improvement but has not been able to achieve some objectives in the action plan. The supervisor and the management then seek to know why the employee has not achieved the objectives within the timeline and determine how to help the employee to improve on the same. The supervisor may decide to add more time for the employee to meet the objectives if the employee has tried his/her best but is unable to meet one or several objectives. If the supervisor determines that the employee is trying the hardest but cannot be able to achieve the objectives because of lack of training, the management and the human resource professional conclud es that the employee needs more training and that the cause of the poor performance is lack of training. If several employees are unable to achieve specific objectives, then it means that the employees need more training in specific areas. Conclusion Both training and development are important in organizations because they help employees to improve and learn. The use of performance improvement plan helps the management to determine the training needs for the employees. The results of performance improvement plan expose weakness of the employees, which guides an organization on what to do.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference Craig, R. (1996). The ASTD Training and Development Handbook: A Guide to Human Resource Development. USA: McGraw-Hill.

(Love) Ethical Issues in Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

(Love) Ethical Issues in Healthcare - Essay Example Group morality on the other hand is the contrast values of right and wrong that are stipulated by each group according to the group dynamics and its organizational culture. The moral exemplary leader of all times is the late Mother Teresa. She was a moral leader because she stood for what was right according to not only the culture but also according to the bible. She made many people develop their own personal morality by just following her moral standings and judgment. Deontology is the morality theory that states that an individual follows his or her own personal morality when it comes to making ethical decisions. On the other hand, utilitarianism states that an individual’s ethical decision depends on whether the decision will benefit many people or not (Hinman 2007). An example of deontology is when a friend steals medicine from the hospital’s pharmacy and you have to decide whether to report the friend or assume the theft. In this situation, your personal morality is the one you will base your decision

The problem of Skepticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The problem of Skepticism - Essay Example there are views about philosophical traditional problems, For example, the problem of induction and other minds are seen as forms of restricted skepticism which holds that we all cannot have knowledge of any proposals in any particular domain that we think to be within our understanding. In this regard, this essay will focus on the problem of skepticism, in terms of if we can ever be justified in claiming to know something and has risen repeatedly in the history of epistemology, as well as expound if the challenge of skepticism can be answered in my area of study, communication and advertising ( Feldman & Richard, 2003). Skepticism questions our knowledge in many ways, as well as domains whereby we think that knowledge is possible. However, the problem of skepticism has risen repeatedly in the history of epistemology, in that some philosophers think that the main purpose of epistemology is to rebut and meet the challenge of skeptical. For example, Philosophical skepticism is a school of thought which crosses cultures and disciplines. In addition, many skeptics have critically examined the meaning of the systems and the examination often results to doubt or ambiguity. Skepticism also ranges from disbelief in philosophical contemporary solutions and rejecting the external world to reality (Chisholm, 1992). The challenge of skepticism cannot be answered by the field of study in communication and advertising because the problem of skepticism is lacking empirical evidence. DeWeese & Moreland (2005) adds that we are all skeptical on some things, particularly since opposition and doubt are not always distinguished.

CASE STUDY PHASE 3 - FINAL PHASE Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PHASE 3 - FINAL PHASE - Case Study Example Risk mitigation strategies are divided into four: Risk Acceptance, Risk Avoidance, Risk Limitation and Risk Transference. This is a kind of strategy where the owner of the Apple decides to accept that they are working under some risks and decided to live with it without doing anything. Accepting risks will not see to it that the negative impacts associated with the risks are reduced or eliminated completely. Risk acceptance strategy is usually a common option of choice when the calculated cost avoidance and/ or limitation as other strategies are deemed to be more than the cost of risk. Risks that don’t tend to happen frequently are always preferred to be accepted rather than being reduced or eliminated (Mark, Galai, & Clouhy, 2005). Apples outsourcing operation can therefore be only accepted since the cost of manufacturing these parts by itself, is much more expensive than the risk that accompanies it. The risks that are associated with the disruption of the other companies that Apple deals with also have a low likelihood of occurring. This is a strategy that sees to it that risk exposure is avoided at all costs. It is opposite to risk acceptance. In terms of cost of implementation, it is expensive than all the other three strategies of risk mitigation (Mark, Galai, & Clouhy, 2005). For the Apple scenario, an example can be Apple decides to manufacture its products so as to see to it that their fate does not rely on the functionality of other companies. This will be expensive in nature since it will mean that Apple will have to expand its size and bring more specialists in. Using this strategy will mean that Apple stops outsourcing for services and therefore come up with its own human capital which will be more expensive. The budget of apple will therefore shoot sky high but the risks related to reliance on other companies will have been avoided. Most businesses prefer the risk limitation strategy compared to other strategies

A War On Women And Drugs Criminology Essay

A War On Women And Drugs Criminology Essay In 1986 Congress passed mandatory minimum sentencing. Federal mandatory drug sentences take the decision away from the judge and gives sentences based on: 1. The type of drug; 2. The weight or alleged weight of the drug mixture and 3. The number of prior convictions. The rise of women in prison seems to be correlated with US drug laws and policies. Many researchers argue that the war on drugs has directly become a war on women. In 1999, the Bureau of Justice Statistics documented that 1 in 3 women were likely serving time for a drug offense in comparison to 1 in 8 women in 1986. Three reasons often determine the involvement of women in the criminal justice system, the first would be a history of abuse, the second issue is disrupted family and personal relationships and finally the third is drug abuse. Women that end up in prison have usually been abused and/or battered, are economically disadvantaged, have abused drugs, and/or are minorities. Due to the circumstances just mentioned a nd stricter policies and laws regarding drugs the outcome is a drastic rise in the incarceration of women. If women are seen as victims of circumstance then they are basically adapting to the conditions of their lives and struggling to survive. The status of women in prison reflects their status in society; they are marginalized by racism and sexism. Women in prison have been damaged by the oppression of patriarchy, economic marginalization and the far-reaching effects of such short sighted and detrimental policies as the war on drugs and the over reliance on incarceration, (Owen, 2000). Female Offenders Women have become the new offender in the criminal justice system. Through the years the amount of women incarcerated has greatly risen. In 2000, there were more than 1 million women in the United States in prison, probation or parole, whereas in 1990 there were 600,000 in the same situation. The rise in the incarceration of women can be greatly attributed to US policies and laws on drugs and drug related crimes. Women are usually minimally involved in drug crimes but are severely punished due to the mandatory minimum laws in place. The war on drugs does not have laws laid out specifically for men and women, the laws are universal and apply equally to both men and women. Drug laws were originally designed for the male criminal and did not take into account the special circumstances in womens lives. These women that are being punished under the mandatory minimum drug laws are the wives, mothers, daughters, sisters, nieces, granddaughters and girlfriends of many law abiding citizens in society. These women become involved in drug crimes because of their dependence to their significant other, whether it is financially, because of fear or other extenuating circumstance. Women who become victims of mandatory minimum laws are incarcerated and subject to patriarchal sentences because the men in their lives coerced, obliged or scammed them into carrying drugs. Women in jails and prisons are often oppressed and even victimized. There are many race and gender inequalities in the criminal justice system when it comes to addressing women and their needs. Women offenders are more likely to be incarcerated now than they were at any other time in the history of the United States. The legal system has become more willing to prosecute and incarcerate women than at any other time in the history of the United States. Mandatory minimum sentencing policies for drug related offenses have increased the number of women incarcerated. According to the Sentencing Project, between 1986 and 1991 the population in state prisons for drug offenses increased by 828 percent for African-American woman, 328 percent for Latinas, and 241 percent for white women (Mauer Huling, 1995). Guilt by Association Drug laws now in place punish not only the individuals who sell the drugs, but also people who assist the drug dealer as well as people who merely know the drug dealer. Women are apprehended at higher rates in reference to the war on drugs. In many circumstances women are arrested and sentenced merely for remaining with a significant other who is involved in the drug trade industry. Women are more vulnerable than men for prosecution based on their associations rather than on their behavior. Women who are involved in the drug trade are often nominally involved and often only participate in the drug trade in order to be able to financially support their own drug habit. Some women are bullied into the drug trade because of abuse or due to financial instability. These mandatory minimum sentences are perhaps a good example of the law of unintended consequences. There is a respectable body of opinion which believes that these mandatory minimums impose unduly harsh punishment for firs-time offenders particularly for mules who played only a minor role in a drug distribution scheme. Be that as it may, the mandatory minimums have also led to an inordinate increase in the federal prison population and will require huge expenditures to build new prison spaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, U.S. Supreme Court Mandatory minimum sentences remove the discretion of the judge, therefore not allowing a judge to take into account mitigating circumstances that could reduce the harshness of the sentence. Mandatory minimum sentences require that low level offenders receive the required sentence required by statutes. Women can rarely assist in providing prosecutors with information that could assist in lessening their punishment because they are often mules, transporters and low level offenders and do no have access to valuable information needed by the prosecution. Also, many times women choose not to provide what little information they do have because of the safety of their family and children. Due to the mandatory minimum laws and the amount of information that women are able to provide they are often subject to harsher punishments than their male counterparts, who are often kingpins. Women who are sent to jail are often the primary caregivers for their children and other family members. Children depend on their mothers and when they become incarcerated the children are left improperly attended or in unstable temporary arrangements. Due to a mothers preoccupation with her children, women often wish to speed up their case by entering a plea of guilt in order to receive a lesser charge and stay out of prison or reduce her sentence. Mandatory Minimum Laws and Their Effect on Women Prisons are filled with violence therefore entrapping women in a world of cruelty and abuse that does not succeed in addressing the needs of women, such as their psychological, medical or economic needs. The dynamics that were just referenced are what originally contribute to a womans involvement in the criminal justice system; these dynamics are what originally created womens involvement with drugs. When a woman enters prison she is often times abused and revictimized therefore further damaging a woman. In prison women are often physically or sexually abused. When a woman is in prison she is unable to receive proper medical treatment. Research has noted that women in prison are subjected to physical, sexual, verbal and emotional abuse by guards and other inmates. Amnesty Internationals 1999 report, Not Part of My Sentence Violations of the Human Rights of Women in Custody, indicates that males staff, under the guise of correctional supervision, frequently watch women as they shower, use the bathroom, and dress and undress in their cells. Women are often sexually extorted while in prison for basic everyday necessities such as toothbrushes, soap, etc. A woman who is abused in prison suffers many consequences especially if she was abused in the past or suffers from any mental illness including but not limited to depression, bipolar disorder or if she is recovering from a drug addiction. Just like any woman who is abused, a woman who is abused in prison is left with severe imbedded psychological scars. Often women who are abused in prison are more severely scared than other women, some of the psychological scars that women who are abused in prison are left with are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Rape Trauma Syndrome, prevalent fears, nightmares and flashbacks, these scars can lead to hatred towards self, anxiety, depression, suicide and substance abuse. Women who are sexually assaulted while in prison are subject to sexually transmitted diseases and/or pregnancy which they might not get medical treatment or prenatal care for. Both male and female prisons provide poor healthcare for its inmates. Women have higher rates of medical issues than men. Women in prison receive poor medical treatment and do not receive needed medications for medical conditions such as heart conditions, depression, other mental health diseases, asthma and other medical conditions. Women often have to receive permission from guards to seek medical attention. Prisons do not have a full medical staff thus contributing to the lack of medical treatment available to women. Women who enter the prison system on drug charges are often diagnosed with depression as well as drug addiction. Some of these women are also diagnosed with bipolar, schizophrenia and other mental health conditions which are not properly treated in prison. Prisons are not equipped to properly care for womens mental health conditions and do not have the funds to provide needed counseling services. Women that are prescribed psychotropic drugs are often not given the medications correctly and instead they are given the medications as sedatives. Incarcerated women that are separated from their children suffer a great deal of trauma, these women often become depressed. Women whose mental health conditions are exacerbated due to incarceration and have a past history of drug abuse may turn to drug use while in prison in order to ease the emotional pain. Children Affected Many of the women in todays prison system have minor children. From 1991 through 1999, 98 percent of children in the United States had a mother who was imprisoned, (Bureau of Justice Statistics). It is estimated that most women in prison have two children and prior to incarceration the children resided with their mother. When women are sent to prison, children are often placed with other family members or in foster care. In terms of the War on Drugs, children are removed from the mother due to incarceration or because of a mothers addiction. If a woman is sent to a residential treatment program rather than to prison she is still separated from her children. Some residential drug treatment programs do not allow children to visit and some have age restrictions. Although each child will react uniquely to extended separation from his or her mother, researchers report that when a mother and child are separated due to incarceration, the child often grieves as if the mother has died, experi encing a grief that is unique to children with incarcerated parents, (Bloom Steinhardt, 1993). Children with an incarcerated mother tend to suffer from fear, anxiety, grief and sadness and later in life these symptoms can lead to withdrawal as well as verbal or physical aggression. Many of the children whose mothers are in prison are sent to foster homes where they have an increased likelihood of being physically, sexually and emotionally abused. When a mother is incarcerated her day to day interactions with her children are altered and significantly changed. Correctional facilities do not aid women in having relationships with their children and often due to the distance of the prison it is often times impossible for children to visit their mothers. Visiting a parent in prison is very difficult for children and visiting a mother in prison can be emotionally detrimental to children. Telephone calls from mothers to children while in prison can be very costly thus reducing the likelihood that a child will be able to speak to the parent via telephone. Few prisons offer family reunification programs for children. Incarcerated mothers and their children are not provided with counseling, parenting classes, skills training, overnight programs for mothers and children and other essential services, therefore hindering the relationship between a mother and her children. Establishing these programs in prisons would give women the opportunity to fulfill their roles as mothers and learn how to properly care for and raise their children. As more women are incarcerated due to Drug Laws the fate of children lies in the hands of the welfare system. The child welfare system is not equipped to deal with the rising number of children left without a mother due to the increasing amount of women incarcerated because of mandatory minimum laws. Mothers convicted of drug crimes are dually punished, they are punished by the judicial system and they are also punished by the welfare system who removes their children from their care and custody. The Outcome of the War on Drugs Minimum mandatory drug laws are destroying the lives of women. These laws are destroying families and childrens lives. Harsh punishment does not address the issues causing women to use drugs, to become addicted to drugs, to sell drugs, or to remain in abusive relationships with drug dealers. Many of the women arrested for drug charges are black women or poor women. Many of the drug related crimes that women are arrested for could be dealt with outside of the judicial system. The judicial system does not address the reasons why a woman becomes involved with drugs or why she risks her family in doing such. Drug dependant women should be treated rather than incarcerated. Incarcerating a woman who is dependant on drugs increases her chances of relapsing thus at the same time increasing the likelihood for mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. Women that become involved in the drug trade industry because of coercion or abuse are punished for not turning in their partner, the individual who is physically or emotionally abusing them. The judicial system does not address the needs of children who lose their mothers to prison nor does it assist women in building a relationship with their children. A womans incarceration can lead to permanent loss of her children and can prevent her from getting any government assistance upon her release. Instead of incarcerating women because of the mandatory minimum drug laws, we should provide them with the necessary tools they need to assist them. Within a womans community there are many resources that can aid her in leaving an abusive relationship. A community also has resources to assist women in with drug dependency issues. Women need to be empowered to become successful and productive members of society. These women rather than being punished need to be provided with opportunities to better their lives and with the proper tools to be better parents. Conclusion As a society rather than investing money in prisons, we need to invest money in community resources that will assist women with drug treatment and resolving the underlying reasons that led them to drug dependence. Women involved in drug crimes because of abusive relationships need to be provided with the appropriate resources to assist them in leaving that relationship and achieving financial independence as well as emotional stability. Women need to be provided with the skills and training necessary to live productive lives in society. Rather than dealing with women in the criminal justice system as a nation we need to provide alternative resources. We have an obligation to save these women for themselves and their children. The underlying causes for womens involvement in drug crimes need to be addressed. Women need to be provided with services for drug addiction, health issues, mental health issues and abuse. Rather than placing women in prisons that were designed for men for committing a crime that they were forced into through coercion or abuse, we should place them in treatment programs designed to meet with their unique needs. Treatment programs designed for women should incorporate mothers and their children allowing for mothers to receive necessary counseling and parenting classes while actively caring for their children. Mandatory minimum laws need to be reevaluated. Women need to be punished for their part in the drug crime, not for the overall crime that they did not play part in. A woman should not be punished because of association; a woman should be punished and held accountable for her actions. A judge should be allowed to ultimately decide a womans punishment and her involvement in the drug offense being charged. Women that must be incarcerated because of their role in a drug crime should be granted the opportunity to visit with their children. Children should not be punished; they are not the ones who committed the offense. To elaborate, a woman with repeated drug charges should not be allowed reunification with her children because after the first or second charge it should be noted that this woman does not wish to learn from her original mistake. Women who are punished under mandatory minimum laws unfairly should be granted ample opportunity for reunification with their children. There is no reason to why women need to be punished for drug crimes that they did not willingly participate in. Mandatory minimum laws were designed for kingpins and drug traffickers but obviously it is not serving its purpose. The people being affected most by these mandatory minimum laws are the people with the least involvement in the crime. Mandatory minimum laws need to be reevaluated and applied accordingly. The ultimate decision on punishment should be taken away from the prosecution and should lie solely in the hands of the judge.

Jennifer Dunn :: essays research papers

Jennifer Dunn was born on July 29th, 1941 in Seattle Washington. Dunn lived in Bellevue and graduated from Bellevue High School. After high school, Jennifer attended the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington in 1960-1962, and Stanford University to receive a Bachelors Degree in English Literature. In 1978 through 1980, Dunn was a systems engineer; section supervisor, King County, Wash., Department of Assessments. A chair, Washington State Republican Party in 1981-1992, member, United States delegations to the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women in 1984 and 1990. Jennifer Dunn also is a certified scuba diver. In her free time, she gardens and spends time with her two children, Bryant (33) and Reagan (31.) Jennifer Dunn represents the Republican Party. She is the lead Republican in the Washington State delegation, and has served in Congress since 1993. Also, Jennifer Dunn is considered an outstanding spokesperson for House Republicans. In 1999, she was chosen to deliver the Republican response to the Presidents State of the Union Address. Congresswoman Dunn has also served as a board member for the National Endowment for Democracy. In these capacities, she has made several trips to Taiwan, Hong Kong, China and Africa. Her experience in the international area goes back to her years of state and national party service. Dunn is a strong believer that no child should be left behind. She supports holding bad school accountable, giving local officials more control in the classroom, and teaching all children to read by third grade. Jennifer Dunn has accomplished much in her life, and continues to do so. In 1998, she became the first woman to run for House Majority Leader or any top leadership post. She is also the fifth woman in history to be on the prized House Ways and Means Committee. She is widely known as an expert on tax relief, particularly eliminating the death tax, expansion of free and fair international trade, welfare reform, IRS reform, overhaul of the tax code, high tech policy, and retirement security. In 1997, Dunn was appointed to the Presidential Commission on Debates, which established rules for the 2000 presidential debates. As a result of her early leadership on behalf of George W. Bush in Washington State and across the country, Dunn was tapped as one of three Deputy Permanent Co-Chairs to the 2000 Republican National Convention and as National Co-Chair of the Republican National Committee's grassroots effort "Victory 2000.

World Reaction to European Expansion between 1700 and 1900

In the 18th century, there was an increased urge in Europe to venture abroad, to discover, explore lands that as yet remained unknown. Part of the need to go beyond the boundaries of Europe was rooted in the industrial revolution that had begun to take place at the time. Machines such as the steam engine were being built and this greatly facilitated transportation. There was also improved ocean going vessels which facilitated for the European explorers venturing further away from home.The creation of cotton mills meant that European nations had to look abroad more extensively so as to expand markets. The Industrial revolution and the response of the world In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europe was the world power to reckon with. The industrial revolution started in Great Britain and it was facilitated by several factors. One is that Britain had large deposits of coal and adequate supply of water that was needed to run the machines such as steam engines. Britain also had the plus of d eposits of iron ore that was needed to make this machinery and tools.She had an internal water system that facilitated the transportation of people and goods as well as a good ports and harbors that facilitated international trade. To cap it all up, she had a sound banking system which meant that projects could be financed and an established government that provided the foundation for a thriving business environment (Brown, 1991). There were several and diverse implications for industrialization and the European expansion, which, predates even the industrial revolution (Ringrose, 1998).The revolution was just a means to hasten European occupation of distant lands abroad. Even in the earlier centuries, Britain had made frays into Asia as she sought trade routes that would enable her to access the abundant riches of China’s silk. The Spaniards were at the same time trying to find their way into Latin America where they expediently eliminated the native Indians and replaced them with African slaves. This was Europe’s story, replicated by the French, Dutch and Portuguese in different parts of the world. For Africa, India and Australia, the European expansion meant colonization.While in earlier times European nations had had only a singular interest in Africa, that of being a ready source of slaves who were at the time considered a price commodity, industrialization brought a change because Africa was now seen as a source for raw materials needed in European factories as well as a ready market for the finished products. The Berlin conference of 1814 saw to the scramble and partition of Africa among European colonial powers with the largest shares going to the strongest, then Great Britain (Aldcroft & Rodger, 1984).Not only was Europe seen as the world’s centre for trade and commerce, but it was also perceived to be the intellectual headquarters of the civilized world. From the mid 18th century when the age of enlightenment had truly began to ta ke hold, there were physical as well as intellectual and moral revolutions going on concurrently. Philosophers and other great thinkers in all fields called for the denunciation of tenets that preciously had been taken for granted and without question, as they said that reason has to reign supreme.Institutions that had once upon a time been regarded as being beyond reproach such as the church and the nobility were all subjected to intense scrutiny that at times found them wanting. Here is where the seeds of activism first germinated. From this would later arise the spirits of capitalism, feminism, civil rights movements and calls to nationalism in which the whole world would follow suite (Brown, 1991). However there were negative ramifications from the European invasion that was so all-encompassing.The most obvious is that there was the creation of a class where the Europeans were cast in the light of being superior to the natives. The natives themselves had to be subdued and shown their rightful place. This often resulted in the native’s loss of freedom and inhumane treatments against him. The natives were often cast out of their own lands if the Europeans were interested in the natural resources that abounded there. The natives were then pushed into restricted marginalized areas where their movements could be monitored. They became prisoners within their own homelands (Ringrose, 1998).Another negative impact was the abolishment of existing political and legal systems that had been established by the natives to be replaced by the Europeans own which they felt was superior and hence much better. There was the intent destruction of cultural practices that had been in place for centuries because the Europeans had found them to be barbaric or uncivilized (Eltis, 1987). European expansion resulted in the colonization of several countries of the world that lasted for over a century or more, in some regions of the world (Aldcroft & Rodger, 1984).Of course the industrial revolution brought about better standards of living for all, but the way in which European nations tried to assert their influence by taking forceful control of the geographical regions of the world from which they felt they would most benefits with impunity, was more barbaric than the hedonistic tribal practices that they condemned so strongly. It is only because the European nations were much stronger than those they sought to conquer that they were able to get away with the actions that they carried out in the 19th century periods.However, just because they got away with it does not mean they do not deserve to be chastised for planting the seeds of economic and racial inequality whose ghosts still haunt our world to date. Conclusion There was an unprecedented rate of change that took place in the two hundred year span between the 18th and 20th centuries that had never before been seen in history. This change took on all the aspects of people’s lifestyles; from how they produced their food, how they got their work done, how they travelled and even how they perceived the world. Though this change had its roots in Europe, its impact was felt throughout the world.From the colonized states of Africa, Asia and Australia, to the great American shores, the influence of European nations was pervasive. Europe as a continent was a fore runner in shaping how the rest of the world would do its commerce, conduct their governments and affairs of state and even to some extent their religious inclinations. The shift in world powers might have placed control in different hands but the impact that Europe had in its heday, is one that is still being felt and seen, and will continue to be felt and seen for many generations yet.Cited works David Eltis, Economic growth and the ending of the transatlantic slave trade Oxford University Press US, 1987 David R. Ringrose, Spain, Europe, and the â€Å"Spanish miracle†, 1700-1900, Cambridge University Press, 19 98 Derek Howard Aldcroft & Richard Rodger, Bibliography of European economic and social history, Manchester University Press ND, 1984 Richard Brown, Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700-1850 Routledge, New York 1991

Copyright Implications Essays

Copyright Implications Essays Copyright Implications Essay Copyright Implications Essay Copyright Implications IT/236 January 17, 2011 [pic] A web designer or a novice needs to be very careful with copyright laws. The rules consist of five exclusive rights given to copyright owners under the Copyright Act. These laws are created and managed to prevent others from reproducing work or works created and owned by another person. No one can reproduce, publicly display the work, or distribute the work without the owner’s expressed permission. As a result, the web page author or authors need to be careful not to copy the work of others. This issue is so serious that the Internet service provider can be found liable for the copyright infringement even if they are not directly engaged in the copied materials, lawsuits will be implemented, and possible prison time can happen. Images If a web designer decides to obtain an image from the web and alter the image using a drawing or painting program, this will still infringe on the copyright laws. It is best to start from scratch and not alter another image from an original piece of work. Altering an image in this way is called derivative work. Taking an image from third parties is also taboo. Once the original image is fixed on a hard drive for the first time, it is protected by copyright laws. Any unauthorized copying of a protected image is an infringement of the creator’s copyright privilege. The originator can deem the image to be exempted through fair use, though. But unless the originator expresses this, it is not the case. Some licensed images, for example, the Internet Explorer logo may be copied, but the user must accept the terms of license first. In accepting the license, the user is excepting the terms within such license to use the image. The image will most likely not be able to be altered in any way. It can be copied as a link, only to a certain destination, but the web designer needs to be careful not to use it in a different way. He or she needs to follow the license agreement to use the logo with the link. Clip art is often provided with many applications. These images do not fall under the copyright laws as long as the web designer follows the terms in the license of the program. There are free images offered on the Internet. Some websites offer images to be used by others, but there are often stipulations of the use of the image. There are often terms proposed by the image creators. Most likely, the creators of the image want credit to be given to the author, including a link back to the author’s site. But if the image did not originally come from the creator, these images are already infringed upon; therefore they can not be used. Text Text on a website follows the same laws and stipulations as images. If the text is original, the copyright laws will not be infringed upon, but if the text is copied from another party, it will be illegal to display. The only exception is, if the originator gave expressed permission to use the text. Full credit to the author must be given. Another exception of the rule would be if the text was given under an expressed terms, of license agreement. A web designer should never assume a â€Å"free-use work† in a free in a public domain without independent investigations, showing that the work is from the original author. Scripts Developing any kind of scripts is time-consuming and complex, but they also fall under copyright laws. Many programmers and other users have made their scripts and applets available for the public. In this case, use is allowed as long as any requirements set fourth by the programmer are followed. Copyright laws are very complex to understand, but as long as a web designer understands these five rules, the work they create will most likely not violate the Copyright Act. The simple rule of thumb is, create original images, scripts, and text. But if some works need to be copied and used, make sure that full credit is given to the originator. References (1996-2010). Web Site Legal Issues. Bit Law. Retrieved from bitlaw. com/internet/webpage. html   (2001). Web Design That Wont Get You Into Trouble. Computer Libraries. Retrieved from infotoday. com/cilmag/jun01/kennedy. htm

The Rise of the Roman Senate essays

The Rise of the Roman Senate essays The history of the Roman Senate can be broken up into three parts. The first part is the Senate in the early times of Rome. The second part is the Senate during the later Republic. Finally, the third part is the Senate in the first century. These three parts show how the Roman Senate went from a respectful power to a corrupt power. Rome's early government was a monarchy. A monarchy is a government in which the supreme power is actually lodged in a monarch, or king. This monarchy led the way for the coming oligarchy. An oligarchy is a form of government where the power is given to a few people or a dominant class. This oligarchy was removed by a democracy. A democracy is a form of government where the supreme power is given to the people. Whoever studies the history of Rome will come to realize that the reason for the rise of the Roman civilization was due to the senatorial authority. There was a dual government between prince and Senate, which developed into the Empire. During the Empire, when all the power was in the hands of the Emperor, the Senate kept a tradition of respect for the people. Although there is much information on the history of the Roman Senate, we are only going to cover the Senate in the early times of the Roman Empire. This paper will attempt to show how the Senate dominated the Roman government and became a great force during the Early Republic. The origin of the Senate can be attributed to the beginning period when each clan in Latium was under the rule of its own Elder. As the clans merged, the position of each Elder was lower to that of the king of the community. As soon as Romulus, the founder of Rome, was elected king, he took a council of advisors called the senatus, or elders, into his trust. The term of office for the first senators was for life. When a senator died, the king chose a man from the same group to take his place. The senators were considered as so many kings from the whole co...

John smith 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

John smith 3 - Essay Example His return to England and his later years still in England after unsuccessful attempts to return to America. He published books that talked about his time abroad and pushed for imperialism and colonization of New England. He died in London in June 21, 1631. The website uses a photograph of John Smith, direct links and related videos to other people John Smith interacted with such as Powhatan and Pocahontas of whom he met in the Jamestown settlement. It also posts some of the works John Smith published and the years published. The site is interactive as it allows the reader to correct any inaccurate information by sharing it with the site. It allows readers to share the link of any story to provided social sites e.g. Google +, Facebook, Twitter, etc. Information can also be printed from the site, and the reader can cite information from the page with three styles of citing already provided for the reader to use; APA, Harvard, and MLA (John, n.pag). The website provides useful and accurate information about John Smith; it also point out some details where there is no surety of information is not clear or confirmed since John Smith tended to lie about his exploits. There are no biases in the way information was presented in the site; the site tries to be as accurate and as informative as it could (John, n.pag). The impressive thing about the site is that it gives summarized information about John Smith. It does not really specify how the information was found hence the need to contact them in case of inaccuracy and unfairness in the site for example, the year John Smith was born is also given as around 1579 or 1580, which seems

Wireless microphone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wireless microphone - Essay Example In this scenario, Moores attached the wireless transmitter inside the clothes used by the character Abanazar, and it was an excellent experiment which worked exactly according to plan. However, Moores could not get a patent for his idea for the reason that he was not legally making use of the radio frequency 76 MHz. Hence, it was decided by the producers of the ice show that they would stop making use of this wireless device; and instead of this device they would employ singers and actors in order to perform using secret microphones for dubbing voices of the other ice skaters in order that they could be freed to focus on their skating (Boly Electronics., 2010). In addition, Moores mentioned his prototype of 1947 in the Science Museum in London in the 1972. Since the first usage of wireless microphone it is being used in different forms in different places. A model of wireless microphone introduced in 1958 was manufactured by Sony which was called Sony CR-4 in 1960 and this wireless microphone was being suggested for nightclub acts and theatre performances. As mentioned above, a large number of manufacturers and individuals claim that they are the actual inventors of wireless microphone. In this scenario, Beyerdynamic that is a German equipment manufacturer, claims that the first wireless microphone was transistophone which was invented by Hung C. Lin., However, it appeared in the public in 1962. In addition, in 1964 wireless microphone was used for the first in a film in order to record sound while filming a motion picture in the 1964 film My Fair Lady. First compander wireless microphone came with Wider dynamic range in 1976, which was pr oduced by Nady Systems. Additionally, The Rolling Stones and Todd Rundgren were the first famous musicians that made use of these systems during a live concert. In 1996, Nady, Sennheiser, CBS and Vega got a combined